The global object

JavaScript provides a global object which has a set of properties, functions and objects that are accessed globally, without a namespace.

The properties are

• Infinity

• NaN

• undefined

and the functions are

• decodeURI()

• decodeURIComponent()

• encodeURI()

• encodeURIComponent()

• eval()

• isFinite()

• isNaN()

• parseFloat()

• parseInt()

The objects are the ones you already saw before, which are part of the standard library:

• Array

• Boolean

• Date

• Function

• JSON

• Math

• Number

• Object

• RegExp

• String

• Symbol

and errors.

Let’s now describe here the global properties and functions.

Infinity

Infinity in JavaScript is a value that represents infinity.

Positive infinity. To get negative infinity, use the – operator: -Infinity.

Those are equivalent to Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY and Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY.

Adding any number to Infinity, or multiplying Infinity for any number, still gives Infinity.

NaN

The global NaN value is an acronym for Not a Number. It’s returned by operations such as zero divided by zero, invalid parseInt() operations, or other operations.

parseInt() //NaN
parseInt('a') //NaN
0/0 //NaN

A special thing to consider is that a NaN value is ever equal to another NaN value. You must use the isNaN() global function to check if a value evaluates to NaN:

NaN === NaN //false
0/0 === NaN //false
isNaN(0/0) //true

undefined

The global undefined property holds the primitive value undefined.

Running a function that does not specify a return value returns undefined:

const test = () => {}
test() //undefined

Unlike NaN, we can compare an undefined value with undefined, and get true:

undefined === undefined

It’s common to use the typeof operator to determine if a variable is undefined:

if (typeof dog === 'undefined') {

}

decodeURI()

Performs the opposite operation of encodeURI()

decodeURIComponent()

Performs the opposite operation of encodeURIComponent()

encodeURI()

This function is used to encode a complete URL. It does encode all characters to their HTML entities except the ones that have a special meaning in a URI structure, including all characters and digits, plus those special characters:

~!@#$&*()=:/,;?+-_.

Example:

encodeURI("http://flaviocopes.com/ test/")
//'http://flaviocopes.com/%20test/'

encodeURIComponent()

Similar to encodeURI(), encodeURIComponent() is meant to have a different job.

Instead of being used to encode an entire URI, it encodes a portion of a URI.

It does encode all characters to their HTML entities except the ones that have a special meaning in a URI structure, including all characters and digits, plus those special characters:

• _.!~*'()

Example:

encodeURIComponent("http://flaviocopes.com/ test/")
//'http%3A%2F%2Fflaviocopes.com%2F%20test%2F'

eval()

This is a special function that takes a string that contains JavaScript code, and evaluates / runs it.

This function is very rarely used and for a reason: it can be dangerous.

I recommend to read this article on the subject.

isFinite()

Returns true if the value passed as parameter is finite.

isFinite(1) //true
isFinite(Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY) //false
isFinite(Infinity) //false

isNaN()

Returns true if the value passed as parameter evaluates to NaN.

isNaN(NaN) //true
isNaN(Number.NaN) //true
isNaN('x') //true
isNaN(2) //false
isNaN(undefined) //true

This function is very useful because a NaN value is never equal to another NaN value. You must use the isNaN() global function to check if a value evaluates to NaN:

0/0 === NaN //false
isNaN(0/0) //true

parseFloat()

Like parseInt(), parseFloat() is used to convert a string value into a number, but retains the decimal part:

parseFloat('10,000', 10) //10     ❌
parseFloat('10.00', 10) //10     ✅ (considered decimals, cut)
parseFloat('10.000', 10) //10     ✅ (considered decimals, cut)
parseFloat('10.20', 10) //10.2     ✅ (considered decimals)
parseFloat('10.81', 10) //10.81     ✅ (considered decimals)
parseFloat('10000', 10) //10000  ✅

parseInt()

This function is used to convert a string value into a number.

Another good solution for integers is to call the parseInt() function:

const count = parseInt('1234', 10) //1234

Don’t forget the second parameter, which is the radix, always 10 for decimal numbers, or the conversion might try to guess the radix and give unexpected results.

parseInt() tries to get a number from a string that does not only contain a number:

parseInt('10 lions', 10) //10

but if the string does not start with a number, you’ll get NaN (Not a Number):

parseInt("I'm 10", 10) //NaN

Also, just like Number it’s not reliable with separators between the digits:

parseInt('10,000', 10) //10     ❌
parseInt('10.00', 10) //10     ✅ (considered decimals, cut)
parseInt('10.000', 10) //10     ✅ (considered decimals, cut)
parseInt('10.20', 10) //10     ✅ (considered decimals, cut)
parseInt('10.81', 10) //10     ✅ (considered decimals, cut)
parseInt('10000', 10) //10000  ✅